Nursing Theory Essay Example

Nursing Theory Paper Merriam Webster characterizes the word hypothesis as a conviction, strategy, or method proposed or followed as the premise of activity. There are different classes of hypotheses acknowledged and rehearsed all through the world and all through expert practices today. One case of a sort of hypothesis is a nursing hypothesis. Be that as it may, some probably won't be completely mindful of what a nursing hypothesis involves, instances of such, and the significance of nursing speculations. This paper will clarify these issues. What is a nursing hypothesis? A nursing hypothesis is an articulation that has emerged from a philosophical point of view that clarifies a few wonders. By and large, it is utilized to depict the gathering of information that is utilized to help nursing practice. It joins analyses and examination to characterize nursing and nursing practice; moreover, it offers motivation to the acknowledged rules that structure the reason for training, and objectives and elements of nursing (Wesley, 1995). Fundamentally, a nursing hypothesis empowers comprehension of what, how, and why medical attendants keep on rehearsing. What is the cause of a nursing hypothesis? The primary scholar to obviously explain a job of attendants was Florence Nightingale. Before she built up her nursing hypothesis, the essential job of the medical caretaker was to only mind of the patient as endorsed by the specialists orders. Songbird had the option to extend the nursing calling making it particular from the clinical calling. Her first speculations were created and distributed in a book named Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not in 1859. We will compose a custom paper test on Nursing Theory explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Nursing Theory explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Nursing Theory explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Through Florence Nightingales unique work, attendants understood that essentially rewarding patients dependent on their ailment was not an acceptable method of going to quiet mind, and, rather, they ought to make an all encompassing evaluation (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2009). Now the expression nursing hypothesis has been depicted and a past filled with it has been introduced; in any case, there are a few distinctive nursing speculations that are utilized today. This paper will talk about a couple of normal hypotheses and their practices. One case of a nursing hypothesis would be one Florence Nightingale made named Environmental Theory. This was utilized to characterize nursing as the demonstration of using the earth of the patient to help him in his recuperation. It centers around changing and controlling the earth so as to place the patient in the most ideal conditions for nature to act. Nursing hypothesis has advanced on various levels in the previous fifty years. While the facts demonstrate that Florence Nightingale is ordinarily perceived and acknowledged as the author of present day nursing, she was essentially ready to give the initial move towards forming nursing into the all encompassing calling it is today. There are various hypotheses and models of nursing that have created after her time. One such case of these speculations is one that was fabricated by Dorothea Orem and named the Self-Care Theory. She had the option to utilize this hypothesis to characterize nursing as, the demonstration of helping others in the arrangement and the executives of self-care to keep up/improve human working at home degree of adequacy. This hypothesis centers around exercises that grown-up people perform for their own sake to look after life, wellbeing and prosperity. Finally, Hildegard Peplau utilized her Interpersonal Relations Theory to state that nursing is a developing power and an educative instrument. Truth be told, she characterized nursing utilizing her hypothesis as, a relational procedure of remedial cooperations between an Individual who is debilitated or needing wellbeing administrations and a medical attendant particularly taught to perceive, react to the requirement for help (Parker, 2006). A couple of instances of nursing hypotheses have been talked about; anyway the subject of why these speculations are significant in nursing practice today ought to be replied. Nursing speculations give a structure to medical attendants to arrange their nursing activities: what to ask, what to watch, what to concentrate on and what to think about. They give a system to grow new and approve current information. They help to depict, clarify, anticipate and recommend. Nursing Theory is utilized to characterize shared characteristics of the factors in an expressed field of request, manage nursing exploration and activities, foresee practice results, and anticipate customer reaction. Hypothesis is utilized to portray, clarify, anticipate and endorse (Parker, 2006). The nursing speculations that are accessible today all have great thinking to their practices. Every one individualizes the necessities of the patients and what ought to be never really care for every patient. Nonetheless, in my ongoing examination of nursing scholars I have been keen on the hypothesis by Patricia Benner. Her book named From Novice to Expert clarifies Benners see that mindful is a vital segment in the hypothesis of aptitude securing. She depicts nursing as an empowering state of association and concern (Marriner-Tomey, 1989, p. 192) which suggests a significant level of enthusiastic association in the medical attendant patient relationship (Benner, 1984). Benner discusses the intensity of mindful and portrays the mindful job as including the ideas of transformative force, integrative mindful, support, recuperating power, participative/certifiable force, and critical thinking (Benner, 1984). She stands firm in her conviction that that nursing care is more than the use of simple expertise; it is social and includes the medical attendants reaction as an individual, first, and afterward optionally, in the nursing job (Benner, 1984). By and large, Benner had the option to build up a nursing hypothesis that included the all encompassing consideration for the patient through a top to bottom attendant customer relationship. Through this relationship the necessities of the patient can be recognized and organized to give the best nursing care to that person. This paper had the option to portray what a nursing hypothesis involves and its starting point, instances of such, and the importance of nursing speculations. Generally speaking, a nursing hypothesis clarifies the information that is utilized to help the nursing practice and there have been nurture from the beginning of time with their very own perspectives on what nursing intended to them and how they were going to center their training. In any case, regardless of what every hypothesis involved, each hypothesis had the option to conceptualize in valuable manners and thoughts that assist make with detecting of what they do as medical caretakers. Reference Benner, Patricia. (1984). From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. , Nursing Division. Florence Nightingale: Notes on Nursing. Reference book Britannica Online. 2009. Reference book Britannica. 26 May 2009 http://search. eb. com/ladies/article-9404148. Marriner-Tomey, A. (1989). Nursing scholars and Their Work (second ed. ). St. Louis: C. V. Mosby. Parker, Marilyn E. , (2006). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practices. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. Hypothesis. (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Recovered May 27, 2009, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/word reference/hypothesis Wesley, R. L. (1995). Nursing hypotheses and models. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse

Customers Switching Behavior Essay Example for Free

Clients Switching Behavior Essay Connections and people bank exchanging conduct Abstract We analyze the job of connections among people and their banks in deciding bank exchanging conduct. Utilizing information from an overview poll from an irregular example of bank clients in the United States, we find that the factors estimating the different components of a relationship altogether bring down a people penchant to switch banks. These incorporate the span of a people relationship with her bank, regardless of whether she has had issues with her bank before, and parts of the nature of the administration relationship. A development of the present paper lies in fusing money/financial parts of relationship with the different components of administration quality relationship by and large as determinants of a people affinity to switch banks. The characteristics catching whether an individual feels that her bank is responsive, is sympathetic and is dependable to her needs, are largely altogether adversely related with her penchant to switch banks. Our outcomes show exactly how connections may help in constraining bank exchanging conduct and convey a solid message to banks about the significance of connections in holding steadfast clients. Our discoveries additionally underscore the interconnectedness of apparently dissimilar orders to all the more likely comprehend the conduct and dynamic of people and their banks. Creator Keywords: Bank exchanging; Relationships

The Art of Managing Complex Projects with the Right Team

The Art of Managing Complex Projects with the Right Team Today’s world is a complex web of connections and interdependencies. This complexity has an impact on projects and management has to respond to these new challenges by developing new approaches to project management and team leadership. © Shutterstock.com | alphaspiritIn this guide, we’ll look at 1)  what complex projects are about and 2)  why they are becoming increasingly common in today’s world. We’ll explore the 3) importance of different team management approaches and their impact on project management.  In detail, we’ll discuss 4)  the qualities of a great team and look at the differences between the conventional and the adaptive management approach.WHAT ARE COMPLEX PROJECTS?First, it’s important to understand the definition of complex projects. This can be done by examining the terms separately.A project is defined by the Business Dictionary as a “planned set of interrelated tasks to be executed over a fixed period and within certain cost and other limitations”. Projects are targeting defined objectives and they can include different deliverables.But what makes a project complex? First, it is important to understand the distinction between “complex” and “difficult” or “complicated”. A complex project isn’t necessarily a difficult project. Projects can be difficult due to reasons such as cost or performance, but this doesn’t automatically mean the project is complex.Complexity in this context refers to projects that include ambiguity or uncertainty. The network of people and the organizations are not aligned, for example due to economical, political, cultural or technological reasons. The behavior of the stakeholders can also be ambiguous, causing further complexity.As mentioned, there are a variety of factors causing project complexity, for example:Technology â€" The technical content of a project can cause complexity. This could be down to the technology used, the software development in place and issues such as multiple integrated interfaces.Cost â€" Money can also cause complexity. Projects might face issues such as not attracting enough capital in order to achieve the objectives or having problems of directing the funds to the right aspects of the proje ct.Schedule â€" Complexity can also come from the timing of the project. Especially projects that include technological complexity are often unpredictable, as timing different aspects of the project with achievable objectives can become an issue.Politicsâ€" Projects can bring different stakeholders together, which can be a problem if there is politics involved. Different political interests can increase the complexity, as the project has to manage different requirements and expectations.Legal â€" Legal issues surrounding a project can also increase complexity. Legal complexity can sometimes be related to politics as well.Social â€" The social context of the project can also increase complexity. This can be due to the group members coming from different social backgrounds, or even from the project working within a specific social context.Complex projects are essentially surrounded with unpredictability, often due to the above reasons. The team’s different stakeholders can’t make predictions easily because the processes are complicated, uncertain and heavily time-constrained. The final outcome will be hard to understand because the project’s causes and outcomes don’t relate or the links are ambiguous.Overall, the complexity of a project often increases as the number of stakeholders within the project goes up.[slideshare id=27298310doc=complexprojects-climbert-131017094859-phpapp02w=640h=330]WHY ARE PROJECTS BECOMING MORE COMPLEX?Project complexity is on the rise. This is mainly due to the way business and research is currently conducted. Let’s analyze the change through three different developments: the differences in team structures, the improvement in technology, and business connectedness.The way teams are structured has changed over the past years. Before,  management used to rely more heavily on hierarchical structures, but today’s teams are much more fluid and flexible. Furthermore, the technological advances have resulted in companies and orga nizations being less location-bound. You can be in charge of the teams that have members from Mumbai to Tokyo. This naturally adds more complexity to managing a team. Finally, there have been changes to contractual agreements. Companies can hire freelancers or have sponsors for specific projects, which is different to the usual employer-employee model.In addition, modern projects tend to have increased the complexity because of technological advances. Not only are there more tools available for conducting and managing projects, but technology itself is also becoming more complex to manage. Projects that are aiming for specific objectives are often linked to other projects, as interconnectedness is increasing. Management of technology is also difficult because the amount of data is rapidly growing. Technologies have allowed the collection of data on large-scale, but the ways to use the data are becoming increasingly complex.Finally, businesses are not stand-alone organizations anymor e. Most businesses need to work in co-operation with others and compete in increasingly saturated markets.Learn about what can go wrong in complex projects.[slideshare id=36900300doc=whatgoeswrongoncomplexprojects-140712035121-phpapp01type=dw=640h=330]THE BEST WAY TO MANAGE COMPLEX PROJECTS IS TO BUILD A GREAT TEAMIf you want to ensure success with a complex project, you need to build a team including the right people. Managing complexity becomes easier the better the team is. But how do you build a great team?To succeed with this objective, you need to understand what successful teams are built on. The signs of a successful team are:Adaptive team leadership. An exceptional team needs to have an exceptional leader. In a complex project, the management must not be focused on leading in a hierarchical structure, but rather keep hierarchies as flat as possible, in order to be more adaptive.If every decision has to go through several hierarchical levels, the decision-making process will take a long time.Optimal team structure. Teams can be built in different ways and the structure can have a huge impact on the success of the project. Jim Highsmith and Jim Collins are among the experts who have studied optimal team structures. According to their findings, contemporary team structures can be:A core team structure â€" reflects a hierarchical and network structure. There are several teams working within a specific project, taking on different types of configurations.Self-organization structures â€" if the number of teams within a project goes up, the organizational structure starts looking more like a self-organization extension. This increases complexity and requires appropriate management of inter-team dependencies.A culture of empowerment and discipline structures â€" this structure requires high accountability, collaborative engagement and a proper balance between project goals and team goals.The right team composition. A successful team needs to have the right pe ople in place. Conventional wisdom is to build teams with the project’s strategy in mind, but you might benefit from a different approach.Rather than finding people to support your approach, find people who are “right” in their own right and then collaborate to set the tone for the project.A disciplined culture. Good teams are built around a disciplined work effort. You don’t want to burden a team with standards or specific practices, but there must be an overall culture of discipline. You want to enforce standard collaboration procedures, but ensure they are based on realistic assumptions.Effective collaboration. Successful teams are also good at organizing collaboration in an efficient manner. The project’s objectives shouldn’t be driven from the top down, but be the result of a collaborative effort. Constant feedback across the team can ensure the team’s focus isn’t shifted and that every member of the team is working to improve the performance. Make sure you aren ’t focused solely on achieving certain project-cantered objectives, but that collaborative deadlines are also established and met. Sharing and discussing ideas is great, but at one point you need a decision. Getting there is your job as a project leader.Communication and cooperation. Collaboration shouldn’t be completely moved away from traditional face-to-face meetings. Although teams might be scattered, there should be opportunities where collaboration happens outside of e-mails and text messages. However, its wise to support the traditional face-to-face model with modern technologies that allow instant sharing. For example, professional service automation (PSA) and enterprise project management (EPM) tools can be great tools for a team to make the most of communication and cooperation.Great teams aren’t the result of happy accidents. In order to achieve a team that shares the above qualities, you need to plan carefully and instill continuous and disciplined effort to meet t he requirements.Creating a good and successful team is never an easy task to achieve, but it can be especially difficult when managing complex projects. Therefore, you need to be mindful of the different management approaches that can work.Ensure your team focuses on two key areas during the project. First, you must prioritize the tasks. Not every aspect of the project is equally important to a successful completion  and finding the key priorities should be the first goal of the team. Second, you need to simplify the road towards these priorities. Try to outstrip as many of the tools and tasks as you can, in order to achieve the objectives.In order to understand the importance of simplifying a complex project, watch the below TedTalk by Yves Morieux: COMBINING TWO SEPARATE MANAGEMENT APPROACHESAs well as having the best team for complex projects, you’ll also need to find the right management approach to organize the team’s work.In complex projects, you’ll be dealing with a div erse group of people, who have to deal with the different complexities the project might throw at them.In order to get the best out of the team and receive the best results with complex projects, you should use a combination of two different management approaches: the conventional and the adaptive approach.The conventional approachProject management’s traditional approach tends to focus on achieving tasks in a linear fashion. The idea is to have a set of well-defined goals and achieve these in the right order to reach the results. It’s all logical and linear.A conventional management style puts emphasis on a set of procedures the team must follow. It focuses on finding the right tools for solving the problems at hands. Since it’s focused on a linear approach of solving problems, it emphasizes meetings, especially face-to-face, in order to organize processes.Under the conventional management model, a team would operate under the following procedural approach:The team would meet up to plan the projectThe team would plan the objectives and the timeline for achieving themDecisions would be made with the objectives in mind as a groupThe project would be decomposed into logical pieces and each person assigned the best tasksThe individual pieces and resolutions would eventually be integrated into a final solutionA conventional approach should also focus on creating a strong culture within the team to collaborate and communicate. Whilst people should be focused on solving the individual tasks they were set out to solve, there should be constant communication and discussion to ensure everyone follows the procedures.Many complex projects are managed using Gantt Charts. Learn how to do that by watching this video. The strength of the conventional approach is its focus on finding priorities. Prioritizing objectives is crucial for project success, especially when these objectives can be muddled and difficult to understand in complex projects. Most projects have a cri tical path to success.This means that in order to reach the results, the team must accomplish tasks A, B, C, and D. Furthermore, these tasks often have to be completed in a specific order. For example, it might be that in order to fully finish task B, tasks A and D must be completed.The conventional management approach is useful in analyzing the critical path.But the conventional approach’s emphasis on planning and control doesn’t always sit well with complex projects. This is because complexity can make it harder to identify the tasks in a linear line and slight variations can easily remove the ability to make logical decisions.Therefore, a more adaptive approach is needed.The adaptive approachBecause of the above limitations of the conventional management approach in terms of complex projects, team leadership should also use a more adaptive approach. The adaptive approach has been the direct result of the development of the complexity theory.The adaptive approach takes a more agile and fluid view of projects. It recognizes that projects aren’t always predictable and teams must be able to adapt on the go. The adaptive approach directly addresses the unpredictability of complex projects.An adaptive approach often uses innovative and experimental tools and it takes advantage of different technologies.For example, you should take advantage of different virtual tools that improve cooperation and collaboration within the team.Whilst an adaptive and agile management style doesn’t place as much importance on face-to-face meetings, you shouldn’t overlook them when making important decisions in terms of the project’s future.The key of this approach is to allow agility within the team. You want to divide the group into smaller teams that leverage the experience within the group. Decision-making should be done on a more fluid level, without always requiring the involvement of all hierarchical levels.Whilst a conventional approach is good at analyzing the cri tical path and to prioritize tasks, the adaptive approach helps teams in situations when unpredictability happens.For example, it might be that the results of the task D are not well known. Whilst you might need to accomplish tasks A and D in order to finish task B, you don’t know for sure whether this is possible within the timeline. Task D might end up with different results, which changes how task B will behave.Although you should instill a certain level of procedural oversight over the complex project, you need an adaptive approach to procedures. Complex projects might be difficult to manage if there’s not enough flexibility in terms of leadership and implementation.This means accountability should be shared, but oversight shouldn’t be too strict.THE BOTTOM LINEThe key to managing complex projects is to select the right team. It is important to understand the complexities of the project and build a team with the right talent to overcome these issues. Moreover, the organiza tional structure of the team will play an important role in deciding the success of the project.Furthermore, you should focus on implementing a balance of a conventional and an adaptive management approach.The strength of the conventional approach in creating priorities within the group will help achieve the objectives quicker and more effectively. But this linear model isn’t always enough to respond to the unpredictable aspects of complex projects. Therefore, you want the team’s approach be agile and fluid enough to adapt to situations that were unexpected. A combination of these tactics can help yield the best results.

How to Get Your Lesson Plans Done More Quickly

Every week teachers spend countless hours scouring the internet for the perfect lesson plan or searching for some inspiration that will lead them to create an amazing lesson for their students. Teachers do this because its their road map, it leads them to what their students will be learning and how they will go about teaching them. Lesson plans not only help a teacher run their classroom and help keep the children focused. Without a detailed lesson plan, the substitute teacher would not know what to do with the students. You would think that in order to create an effective lesson plan that is engaging, addresses students learning objectives, incorporates engaging activities and helps to check for student understanding would take days to create. However, educators have been at this for a very long time and have come up a few tips and secrets that help them get their lesson plans done quick. Here are a few teaching strategies to help you get your lesson planning done faster. 1. Start Lesson Planning Backwards Before you even start to plan your lesson think about what your learning objective is. Think about what you want your students to learn and get out of the lesson. Do you want your students to learn how to count by 10s or be able to write an essay using all of their spelling words? Once you figure out what your overall objective is then you can start thinking about what activity you want the students to do. When you start with your end goal of the lesson, it will help make the lesson planning part go much quicker. Here is an example: The objective for my students is to name all of the food groups and be able to give examples for each group. The lesson students will do in order to complete this objective is going to be to sort foods in an activity called sorting groceries. Students will learn about the five food groups first by looking at a food chart then going into small groups and brainstorming what foods go into each food group. Next, they will receive a paper plate and food cards. Their goal is to place the correct food cards on the paper plate with the correct food group. 2. Download Ready-To-Go Lesson Plans Technology has made it very easy and convenient for teachers to be able to go online and print out already made lesson plans. Some sites offer free lesson plans while others you may have to pay a small fee, nonetheless, it is worth every penny. Once you figure out what your learning objective is, then all you have to do is a quick search for a lesson plan that correlates with your end goal. Teacher Pay Teachers is one site that has many already-made lessons (some free, some you have to pay) as well as Discovery Education where all lessons are free. These are just two of the hundreds of sites that offer lesson plans at your convenience. This site  also has plenty of lesson plans on it as well. 3. Collaborate with Your Fellow Teachers One of the best ways to get your lesson planning done quicker is to collaborate with other teachers. There are a few ways that you can do this, one way is for each teacher to plan for a few subjects, then use the others lessons from your fellow teacher for the subjects that you didnt plan for. For example, lets say that you created a lesson plan for social studies and science for the week, and your colleague created plans for language arts and math. You would both give each other your lesson plans so all you really had to do is only plan for two subjects versus four. Another way that you can collaborate with your colleagues is to have the two classes work together for specific subjects. A great example of this comes from a fourth-grade classroom where the teachers in the school would change classrooms for different subjects. This way each teacher only had to plan for one or two subjects versus all of them. Collaboration makes it so much easier on the teacher and not to mention the students love to work with different students from other classrooms as well. Its a win-win situation for everybody. 4. Theres an App for That Have you ever heard of the expression Theres an app for that? Well, there is an app to help you get your lesson plans done quicker. It is called Planboard and One Note and Lesson Planning to name a few. These are just three of the many apps that are on the market to help teachers create, organize and map out their lesson planning from the convenience of their fingertips. Long gone are the days of handwriting or typing out each and every lesson that you plan on doing, nowadays all you have to do is tap your finger on a screen a few times and you will have your lesson plans done. Well, its not that easy but you get the point. Apps have made it easier for teachers to get their plans done faster. 5. Think Outside of the Box Whoever says that you had to do all of the work yourself? Try thinking outside of the box and have your students help you, invite a guest speaker or go on a field trip. Learning doesnt have to be just creating a lesson plan and following it, it can be whatever it is you want it to be. Here are a few more teacher-tested ideas for thinking outside of the box. Digital field trip.Put on a play.Have students create an activity. In order to be effective, lesson planning does not have to be exhausting and so detailed that you plan out each and every scenario. As long as you list your objectives, create an engaging activity, and know how you will assess your students that is enough.

Analysis Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald

â€Å"The Great Gatsby†: An Analysis of Gatsby’s and Daisy’s Relationship The roaring twenties was a time of freedom, wealth, romance, and innovation. Many significant advances in history occurred in the 1920’s, such as the invention of the automobile. Women gained many freedoms during this time. The most known betterment was women gaining the right to vote, and starting to obtain more freedom and respect in the world of politics. However, women seemed to still be suppressed in the social aspect of the world. This is evident in the fact that men dominated the relationship, and the woman did not have much say in anything. This is the situation Daisy had found herself in by marrying Tom and being repressed by his arrogance. Although Daisy had met Gatsby and fallen in love with him some time ago before she met Tom, he went off to fight in the war and asked Daisy to wait for him and he would return to her. She did not wait, evident in her marriage to Tom, show ing she did not truly love him enough to put in the effort for their relationship. This evidence supports the fact that Daisy is not worthy of Gatsby’s time because he is stuck in love with Daisy from the past and she has moved on to a life of being taken care of, money, and deceitfulness. There is no doubt that Gatsby is in love with Daisy. Whether you believe it is â€Å"true love† or just him being creepy and stalking her, there are true feelings there. There are many examples of his affection throughout the book. One of theseShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2128 Words   |  9 PagesLiterary Analysis of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby is an incredible novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald, a prolific American author, and published by Scribner’s. Nevertheless, during its first release, the book sold poorly and received mixed reviews. 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Characteristics of Public Administration Free Essays

string(150) " better performance in public sector creating union amongst the many areas that need to be administered properly in order to serve the public better\." Principles of Public Administration 1. 0 Introduction. This article discusses how have principles of public administration been applied to positively advance each of the following fields: education, transportation, health care, community development, law enforcement, and environmental policy. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Public Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, the article hypothesizes what would become of the aforementioned services in the absence of a public administration system. The means by which public administration achieves its goals and the responsibilities vested on it are solely dependant on tactical principles and practices utilized to execute them. In order for the public administrators to achieve the set targets they must adhere to a set of orchestrated instruments or regulations by the government of the day so that they don’t deviate from the initial intended objectives. The public sector plays crucial roles in ensuring that the general populace is well tended to and that their individual rights are respected. The administrators of public policies are governors who are as well governed through established government principles, to ensure that they don’t compromise quality of vital aspects of public requirements. Policies implemented by the government to public administrators as devices though which the public sector is ale to reach out to the people. Principles codify value system that is intrinsically part of governments, social, political and legal arena. Through codified public policies governors adhere to the governing principles, upon which the responsibilities ascribed to the public governance are succinctly met. 2. 0 Defining Public Administration. Public Administration is the development, implementation and study of branches of government policy linked to pursuing the public good by enhancing civil society and social justice. In the past public administration was synonymous to government management, however, with increased vigor in participation of private sector into public matters some NGO’S committed to serve the public have joined the public sector. Public administration has gained credibility over time owing to change in governance and management process. Moreover, due to the sensitivity of the activities carried out by Public administrators and the participation of private sector change in quality of the services offered by the government became inevitable. The public servants attain knowledge and skills of executing duties in a program through trained policy analysts who are thoroughly founded with the background information on how to manage the public resources. Through public servants, interests of the general public are served in a satisfactory cost-effective manner the public servants are mandated to oversee each implemented activity on daily. Generally, public administration gears its efforts towards understanding public entities and how they interrelate with others and the immediate world. Organizations that work under public administration are organized and managed to realize deliberately structured goals in the near future. Through public policy programs the government responds to the needs and interests of the Nation through satisfying them with the available resources . 3. 0 Principles of Public Administration. Public administration is a complex process, it involves social, economical, legal and political matters al interwoven together. Due to the complexity of its nature, management and regulation of the public sector becomes a hurdle. In order for the public administration to be well regulated and governed bracket laws had to be implemented to cover all spheres and aspects of the sector. A unifying common law to govern public sector has been a very controversial issue in the U. S, this could be accrued to the governors’ reluctance to be restricted by statutes which could tether the added advantages associated with the public sector. With time however, due to emerge of democratic tendencies elements that initiate good management and governance have been embraced. Political evolution has led to accord on the key principles that can be implemented to ensure that the services delivered to the public by the government are excellent. The key identified principles are:- 3. 1. Reliability and predictability: This principle declares that in order for the government initiative in form of services or practice to be deemed as satisfactory it must be reliable by being consisted and accurate in meeting the potential needs for which it was intended for. The government programs should be predictable a factor that can only be attained through consisted effort whereby the government agencies in charge of the programs don’t fluctuate in executing their duties in a systematic manner. On the same note the programs implemented by the government to serve the needs of public should have legal certainty or judicial security. 3. 2. Openness and transparency: The government serves the society through tax levies and other customs exerted on them through added costs. In return, the government is supposed to govern the obtained resources, plan and allocate them to various public programs in order to satisfy the public needs better. The public is aware that the government derives its funds from their resources, so it becomes increasingly important for the public to know hoe the government tis using their resources to sponsor public programs. In order for the public to trust the government of the day, the government avails all the necessary details concerning the programs so that the government doesn’t appear to have creepy motives . 3. Accountability: The government sponsored programs are normally accountable for all activities and procedures carried out in their programs which are geared towards public satisfaction. Accountability, per se is whereby the government justifies the actions it pursues in its endeavor to serve the public and at the same time taking responsibility for the actions it pursues in achieving its objectives whether they have positive or negative implications. 3. 4. Efficiency and effectiveness: Efficiency is a principle employed by the government sponsored programs to ensure that all the resources at the disposal of the government are utilized without wastage of time, increased expense or effort wastage. When the government embraces efficiency in its procedures it becomes effectual in meeting public needs without wasting time or effort or expense. Public administration ideals and doctrine principles have enhanced better performance in public sector creating union amongst the many areas that need to be administered properly in order to serve the public better. You read "Characteristics of Public Administration" in category "Essay examples" In the U. S the government has been able to embrace the key principles vital for ensuing that all the programs that serve public interest run coherently and are able to meet the desired needs of the public. Each sector served by the government becomes effective in meeting the social needs by embracing the principles of public administration. 4. 0 Positive principles in governance that enhance competence in education sector The administration of primary and secondary public education in the United States is conducted primarily by state governments in conjunction with local school districts . All states with the exception of Hawaii employ the structure of local school districts as the direct administrators of public primary and secondary education . The significance of education to the U. S populace was evidenced by inclusion in all 50 state constitutions of a clause. . This clause mandated the government of the day to pursue the responsibility of offering quality education by ensuring that the education programs are properly managed through school districts. In the U. S State involvement in public education has grown significantly during the twentieth century for instance there has been additional programs implemented in the education sector such as. Computerized teaching programs, advanced vocational training, all inclusive education for the physically challenged and many more. Americans view education as a key element of civic engagement in a democratic society and as the basis for skill training necessary for gainful employment in a rapidly changing economy. Over time the government bodies in charge of education have become efficient through accountability for all the processes and procedures they carry out. Each department of the U. S education sector carries out research on how to improve public governance and gives the recommendations to the state in order for it to assimilate them in its operations. The general public has continuously made demands on improvement of educational sector a fact that has made the U. S government to step up its efficiency in delivering public education through integrations of, vocational education, improving curriculum and facilities, and increasing teacher preparedness through specialized training programs. The principle of transparency has been embraced in the educational realm by allowing the public to have access to government reports concerning educational matters. The involvement of the general public in school governance through educational boards has helped a great deal in enhancing the educational program efficiency in meeting the needs of the citizens as well. 5. Positive principles in governance that enhance competence in Transport sector. The government ensures that it’s well aware of the current operations on the roads, railroads, at ports and airports at all the times through a systematic regulatory mechanism of the transport sector in order to boost efficiency through better management and operations. Some key sectors like the airport, water ways are prone to attack by the terrorists hence the government utilizes non-intrusive, automatic sensors, computers and communications in order to extract the necessary information and facts that could be used to deduce security threat. On the road sector the government employs the principles of efficiency to enhance effectiveness through gathering and processing system use and condition information, forecasting conditions that will hamper travel, optimizing traffic signal and ramp meter timing based on actual conditions so that vehicle stops and delay are minimized, identifying and responding quickly to accidents and other incidents before queues can build, and coordinating traffic operations with other operators, including support to commercial and transit fleet managers for efficient routing around incidents/closures or for oversize trucks and hazardous cargoes. In addition to system management purposes, the data can also be used for performance measurement, planning, and traveler information. The government has increased efficiency of the transport sector by enhancing better user services by providing vital information such as en-route information and route guidance, and travel services. The information availed to the travelers, shippers and fleet operators help them to obtain instant information for planning routes and selecting modes before and during trips Through the traffic police, the government is able to make roads safe for commuters, with immediate notification of collisions, road and lane closures, and other conditions that might impact highway, transit or fleet operations. The over speeding road users, drunkards and the people violating traffic rules are taken under the custody of traffic police to ensure that they don’t cause damage to other road users. Incase of a break down road users get informed on alternative routes and travel options . The government has also made the transport sector reliable for users and the travelers who seek fun by providing information on travel destinations and accommodations, such as gas stations, lodging, attractions, and restaurants. The general public is able to benefit massively by operational efficiency implemented by the public sector through road infrastructure development and enhanced transport facilities. The transport sector is able to account for losses experienced through the transport sector; the government has implemented technologies real-time traffic, road, weather and other system conditions . The equipments used to enhance smooth flow of traffic and incident detection include detector loops, closed circuit TV, vehicle probes, and other sensors . The management of transport sector ensures that there are centers in place that are used to process incoming traffic information and helps the sector to respond promptly to any occurring incidences, by alerting the general public and also taking measures to ensure the occurring incidences don’t stop the general flow of transport and communication. Computerized traffic signal systems, ramp meters, rail grade crossing and other traffic control systems have been implemented to help the transport sector manage the system of commuting. 6. Positive principles in governance that enhance competence in Community Development sector. The government is actively involved in community based programmes through agencies that help the community by strengthening the health, safety, self-reliance and economic vitality of individuals and families. The public administrations reach out to the community through partnerships to provide service and material backing. From the level of federal to the st ate level there are programs implemented to reach out to low-income and vulnerable people who are integral to the development of thriving communities . A program to cater for crime victims called Crime Victims Advocacy is reaches out to the community to cater for the needs of crime victims the program serves the community through the following methodologies: by foremost providing advocacy services to the affected victims of crime, this they do by needed services and resources the program also administers funds for community programs working with crime victims; assists communities in planning and implementing services for crime victims; and Advising local and state government agencies of practices, policies, and priorities which impact crime victims. Victims of crime who feel that they have not been accorded justice or that their rights have been trodden on forward their grievances to the community advocacy to fight for them. Developmental Disabilities Council is a council which fights for the rights and well being of the disabled vulnerable community; it caters for their educational and physical needs and ensuring that they are well treated in their homes. This community based program is funded and managed by the federal state and trickles down to the other sectors of economy through community ramifications. The principles of public administration employed to ensure that the community is well served by the federal state include efficiency through management agencies which scrutinize all the programs under community development to ensure that they execute the duties and tasks vested on them. This way the program becomes effective in meeting the needs of the community. Accountability is attained through auditing and generation of reports that are available for public and private viewing. Transparency in community development is attained through community members’ involvement the agencies blend and integrate their views with the desires of the potential communities that await their support. Programs like Work First’s Community Jobs. , and other work programs help the general populace to gain access to employment and get financially empowered to support the poor families. The young people who have vocational training are able to get jobs through such arrangements to minimize their reliance on welfare programs statistics indicate that more than a quarter of Americans are without assets living paycheck to paycheck without savings or investments in equity like a home or small business . The community development programs target this kind of populace so that they can train them and empower them through employments in order to break the vicious cycle of poverty and help them acquire financial stability. Through community development initiative asset building is initiated and it provides ground-breaking ways to improve local economies and the lives of the vulnerable citizens who are not able to cater for their basic needs. Community development programs offers start-up support and free consultation for asset building activities in local communities. Through the principles of transparency, and accountability funds are disseminated to the needy populace and a follow up program to ensure tat the funds provided are put into proper use ensues. The Office of Community Planning and Development (CPD) seeks to develop viable communities by promoting integrated approaches that provide decent housing, a suitable living environment, and expand economic opportunities for low and moderate income persons. The community development programs initiated by the government are able to trickle down to the expected citizens through partnerships among all levels of government and the private sector, including for-profit and non-profit organizations Community Mobilization program is effectively used to deter the young population from use or abuse of drug substances. The (CM). Community Mobilization provides visions to various community members participating in creating and sustaining healthy, safe, economically viable communities, free from alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs . Violence and involvement in illegal activities is combated through educative programs which give the youths an alternative to violent activities. CM achieves its mission through collaboration, cooperation, communication, commitment, and competency in dealing with diverse range of populace. . 0 Positive principles in governance that enhance competence in Law Enforcement sector. Innovative practices are employed by this sector to reach out to the public; strategies are employed by the federal government in respect to coordination and delivery of law enforcement and public safety . The government is able to ensure defense and security for the citizens at the same time ensuring that the citizens adhere to the rules and regulations of the state. Through bodies like Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drug Enforcement Administration, National Institute of Justice, Secret Service, Immigrations Customs and Enforcement the government is able to administer to all legal needs of the U. S citizens. The public administration body endeavors to ensure that justice is accorded to all irrespective of their age and social standing. Moreover, the justice system is accountable for all the legal decisions made and tries to be efficient by ensuring that the rights of the citizens are followed whether they commit crime or not. For accountability purposes the law enforcement body ensures that all reports are well kept and can be verifiable through established facts. Efficiency is created by use of qualified and dedicated personnel in the field of law enforcement . Through advanced technology the police are able to prevent crime, take law offenders under their custody and ensure that justice is accorded to the offended parties. Transparency comes in when lawyers are involved in the cases of offenders and offended, the citizens get to hear and know facts before a verdict is passed on them. Crime prevention, policing and community safety. 8. 0 Positive principles in governance that enhance competence in Health Care sector. Through the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), a U. S cabinet department the which pursues the government goal of protecting the American’s health at the same time offering essential human services. The cabinet department was created by President Jimmy Cater in the year 1979. urrently, the department is administered and regulated by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, is responsible for addressing matters concerning public health as authorized by the Secretary or by the Assistant Secretary of Health in addition to his primary mission of administering the Commissioned Corps. Under HHS are so many branches which have specific tasks allocated to them to enhance specialization in offering good health care to the general public. the human health service works through its main branches to meet the needs of the U. S citizens for instance Administration for Children and Families (ACF) is a part of HHS which is mainly concerned with child welfare, through the families the office is able to reach out to the children and ensure that their health is well tended to and that issues like immunization are offered to children to reduce mortality rate. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is an office in the health care fraternity which establishes facts through research and fact finding. The center enhance knowledge on particular disease and seeks to find out the best cure for diseases which are still puzzle to the medical fraternity. It works in conjunction with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Integrity is employed when conducting research the office does not implement cruel methods in establishing effectiveness of s drug when they invent it, animal testing is thoroughly avoided and for ant respondents who are used to experiment on a new introduced drunk there is usually a written consent and they get compensation for it. HHS has spread its branches both in federal and state level in order to reach out to the masses in the U. S populace and provide efficient services. The principle of accountability which cuts across all the publicly administered departments is employed in public medical services, the services provided meet the required standards and the medical fraternity takes responsibility for any harm they may cause to public The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) caters for the vulnerable population which offers from mental damage and are unable to do their duties normally, under public administration the needs of the mentally ill is catered for. Moreover, drug abusers who need to be rehabilitated back to normality, are also tended here the right professional are used to reach out to all the dire cases of mental illness and through them effective health service is offered. 9. 0 Positive principles in governance that enhance competence in Environmental Policy The federal government has set up environmental policies which basically deal with legislating the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The stated acts enable the government to actively participate in environmental conservation to ensure that the environment doe not get deteriorated rather its conserved and well tended for the benefits of future generations. Currently the government works in consensus with the industrial sector to ensure that there is less emission into the air, this is an efficient way of ensuring that there is no more remission of green house gases into the atmosphere as it has dire repercussions on the environment. Through the government budget funds have been allocated to help in the research effort carried out by the research institute on how to reduce emissions into the atmosphere, measures that would ensure that the environment does not get polluted. The government too has used the principle of accountability whereby it admits the errors of the past of not controlling the pollution rates and now it endeavors to offer excellent solutions to the escalating pollution of water air and the atmosphere through industrial activities. Due to the increased public awareness of the ill impacts of air pollution the government works in consensus with the general public through enlightening projects which helps the public to realize the dangers of environmental pollution in order for them to take caution. 10. 0 hypothetic suppositions on what would happen in absence of Public administration. If the governance and control of the government was replaced by another body or was obliterated all together a lot of things would come to a sudden holt. To begin with the U. S citizens would be forced to pay extra money for all the services provided for free by the government, such services include, free medications and free access to education, consequently a lot of people who are classified as low and middle class will lack basic necessities like medicine and education which the state offers to them for free . On the other hand, the issue of insecurity will go way out of control because the private sector does not have enough machinery like the public administration, more over crime rates will go up since mechanisms to counter crimes will have been altered . There will be increased mortality rate since child health will not be well catered for, some of the people who cannot afford medications for themselves may die out of cronical diseases and this may lead to low life expectancy. A lot of young people will languish aimlessly with no jobs or means to support them and they may end up taking drugs because they will be idle and frustrated a fact that may force them to acquire bad habits. Unfortunately there will be no Medicare for free and such youths will be most likely unable to acquire medications for them and they will. The transport sector will be all messed up, there will be no control mechanisms or means to nub the offenders, hence road accidents will increase and deaths attributed to accidents will increase. The mechanisms to check and report on incidences that may hamper road and other transport systems will not be in use therefore the transport sector will lack focus and eventually collapse and affect the U. S economy so badly . In nutshell, without the public administration every body would suffers one way or the other all the U. S citizens depend on the public administration, it will be impossible to lead a normal life without the public services well manned under public administration. II. Conclusion. Public administration is the back bone of all the states provided services to the U. S citizens (Canadians, French, British-UK, Russia, any country in the world), the administration could never work well unless it was under regulations and it operated using policies which act as guidelines on how services are delivered. If the aspect of principles and guidelines is overlooked in ensuring delivery of services, the public sector could never be able to meet the needs of the general citizens. Through the established principles which act as blue print on the directions of the government goals, the government is not only able to manage the public services but it is also able to set goals and achieve them. This is the beauty, magic and efficiency of Public Administration. How to cite Characteristics of Public Administration, Essay examples

Dwarf Santan free essay sample

The alee of heavy metal-accumulating plants to remediation has been recently realized. Irish capability is useful in removing toxic heavy metals and trace elements from contaminated soils and waters in a process referred to as phototypesetting. Several terrestrial plants that have been identified in the last two decades as highly effective absorbing and accumulating various toxic trace elements are being evaluated for their role in the phototypesetting of soils polluted with trace elements. Contamination of soil with lead has occurred on a global scale.Exposure to lead may cause adverse effects to human health and the environment. It is therefore desirable to obtain a quantitative estimate of the potential risk of lead contamination. Numerous studies have been conducted collecting lead concentration data from both natural and contaminated soil on a range of scales. Very few of these studies have made serious attempts to spatially describe the data. In order to identify intimidated land and to enable development of appropriate environmental guidelines, it is essential to have an understanding of the universal range of lead concentrations. We will write a custom essay sample on Dwarf Santan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such data also assists in assessing any potential risk to the environment or human health. I . 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Heavy metal contamination is a common problem in many places, and this affects not only the development of cities but also the lives of the people, due to its harmful implications. For instance, if ever the aquifers are contaminated and the Neater is distributed to the people, it will most certainly affect their health as well as heir livelihood. At present, phototypesetting, a biological methods of separation in treating heavy metal contaminated soil.This study explored the possibility of using Dwarf Santa (Koori cocaine) as a phototypesetting agent. The Dwarf Santa is a popular cultivated ornamental shrub. It flowers all year and requires little care. It grows from a half meter to four meters in height. It can be grown as a hedge and sometimes as a bonsai. The plant grows in practically any type of soil, but will thrive other Asian countries. The Dwarf Santa is grown under full sunlight, which induces its year-round flowering. It is used in landscaping in open areas, exposed to bright light.Although its is only used as an ornamental plant Dwarf Santa contains chemical compounds which chalet heavy metals, which is the tannins :www. Antidisestablishmentarianism . Com/dwarf_Santa). Tannins are proven to absorb heavy metals (Humanity, et. Al. ,2003). Lead is the most commonly and usually encountered heavy metal pollutant. Lead usually ends up in water and soil through corrosion of leaded pipelines. Works such as construction, smelting, and radiator repair are some of the occupations which put the worker at greatest risk of lead exposure. I .STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of using Dwarf Santa (koori cocaine) as a phototypesetting agent on Lead (II) contaminated soil. Specifically, it aims to investigate: 1. The measurement of lead in both the soil and the plants to test the ability of the plant as a phototypesetting agent. 2. Capability of Dwarf Santa in reducing the concentration of lead in soil in thirty days. I . 3 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION This study aims to examine the possibility of Dwarf Santa as a cleaning agent for lead contaminated soil. Only the effect of the following variables is investigated:Measurements of the lead in both soil and the plants, to test the ability of the plant to serve as a phototypesetting agent and capability of Dwarf Santa in reducing the concentration of lead in soil for thirty days. I . 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Heavy metal contamination on soil is becoming a usual problem in many places, specifically lead ions, and this affects the development of the cities as well as the health and livelihood of the people. For instance, if ever the aquifers are contaminated and water is distributed to the people, it will most certainly affect their health as well as their livelihood.Two possible sources of contaminated soil are leaded gasoline and industrial operations like smelters. While gasoline is generally the soil next to roadways up to one-quarter of a mile from the road. Lead is present in soil from multiple environmental sources. There is some lead present in all soil, but not in levels that are harmful or toxic to children. Lead concentration is increased beyond safe levels in areas where there is lead mining, construction, a focus on agriculture, or heavy traffic. Lead mining and smelting releases lead particles into the air which then settles as dust in the soil.Areas of construction are also generally high n lead soil content because of lead released from equipment and during demolition of old houses. Farming acts as a source of lead in soil primarily through fertilizer that contains lead and lime. Waste disposal can also contribute to increased lead levels in these areas. In areas of high traffic lead from gasoline that is pumped into the air settles as dust on soil and pollutes the ground. Lead poisoning is a major health risk, especially for children and infants. Along with water, food, and paint; soil is one of the leading sources of lead exposure.This study aims to investigate for an alternative mechanical means of cleaning lead (which commonly encountered heavy metal pollutant) contaminated soil. Using Dwarf Santa (koori cocaine) as a phototypesetting agent can be a promising strategy to solve the problem on Lead (II) contaminated soil with less or no harm to the environment and to the people. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1 Dwarf Santa (koori cocaine) Dwarf Santa is one of the oldest known flowering plants in the Philippines. The genus Koori has roughly over 420 to 450 species.A plant which is widely distributed in the country as well in other Asian countries. Dwarf Santa is native to India and Sir Lankan (Griffith,1994). It is planted worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates Logier,1997). It is widespread in the Indian sub-continent, China, Indochina, the Malay peninsula and the Philippines. Dwarf Santa (koori cocaine) a popular cultivated ornamental shrub. A plant which belongs to the family of Rubricate, the other scientific name is Koori grandiose Kerr; It is internationally known as the Jungle Geranium, Flame of the Woods and Jungle Flame.The other names are Santa pula for tagging, tangoing for Bissau, Jungle flame (Engle. And Dwarf Santa (Engle. ). Ornamental plant is an erect and smooth shrub, growing to a height of 2 to 3 meters. Leaves are stalk less or on very short stalks, oblong, 5 to 9 CM long, heart-shaped or round at the base and blunt at the tip. Flowers are many, pink or red, and borne in terminal, stalk less or shortly stalked hairy comes. Corolla tube is slender, 2. 5 CM long; lobes are spreading and oblong, about half the length of the tube. Fruit is reddish, almost round, about 5 mm diameter. Its constituents and properties; the roots contains an aromatic acrid oil, tannin, fatty acids. Leaves yield flavors embalmer and quarantine, procrastinations and phenol acids and ferrule acids. Flowers contain cyanide and affiliation, and a coloring material related to quarantine. Considered internally sedative, stomach, tonic, antiseptic, colleague ad cultivation. (www. philippinemedicalplants. Com/dwarf_Santa). Dwarf Santa flowers throughout the year requires little care in full sunlight and light shade (Whistler ,2000).The flowers are visited by butterflies (Collins ,2001), and birds eat the fruits. The plant grows in practically any type of soil, but will thrive best n rich sandy loam. It is used in landscaping in open areas, exposed to bright light. Dwarf Santa grows well in full sun and light to moderate shade. Dwarf Santa is cold sensitive and will partially defoliate after chilling (Michael et. Al. ,1999). Frosts Nil kill it to the ground, but it recovers afterward (Tropical,2001). It competes well Ninth shrubs and herbs but not with dense grass. Little is known about environmental conditions in its native range.The species prefers slightly acid soils with good fertility and becomes sclerotic under alkaline conditions. It tolerates mild salt spray Watkins et. Al. ,1975). There is a trend towards producing newer variety of Dwarf Santa. The Dwarf Santa is the ideal plant for low maintenance landscaping. They can be planted along roadside or any public space as they dont need to much attention. They are very affordable. (http://www. Media. Com/products/dwarf_Santa/ paper. HTML) Although it is only used as an ornamental plant Dwarf Santa contains Chemical compounds which chalet heavy metals, which are the tannins.Tannins are proven to absorb heavy metals (Humanity et. Al, 2003) 2. 2 Phototypesetting Phototypesetting describes the treatment of environmental problems remediation) through the use of plants which mitigate the environmental problem without the need to excavate the contaminant material and dispose of it elsewhere. Phototypesetting consists in mitigating pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils, water or air with plants able to contain, degrade or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives, and various other contaminants, from the media that contain them.Phototypesetting may be applied wherever the soil or static water environment has become polluted or is suffering ongoing chronic pollution. Examples where hydrogenation has been used successfully include the restoration of abandoned metal-mine workings, reducing the impact of sites where Pubs have been dumped during manufacture and mitigation of on-going coal mine discharges. (Ate, 2005) Phototypesetting refers to the natural ability of certain plants called hyper accumulators to fasciculation, degrade or render harmless contaminants in soils, Neater or air.Contaminants such as metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives, have been mitigated in phototypesetting projects worldwide. Many plants such as mustard plants, alpine pensioners and pigged have proven to be successful at hyperventilating contaminants at toxic waste sites. Disruptive technology, as opposed to mechanical cleanup methods such as soil excavation or pumping polluted groundwater. Over the past twenty years, this technology has become increasingly popular and has been employed at sites with soils contaminated with lead, uranium , and arsenic.However, one major disadvantage of phototypesetting is that it requires a long-term commitment as the process is dependent on plant growth, tolerance to toxicity and fasciculation capacity. Www. Partners. Com) 2. 3 Lead Lead (BP) is a naturally occurring element that poses environmental hazards when present at elevated concentration. It is being released into the environment because of industrial uses and from the combustion of fossil fuels. Hence, BP is ubiquitous throughout global ecosystems. The existence of potentially harmful concentrations of b in the environment must be given full attention. Emissions from vehicles are major source of environmental contamination by BP. Thus, it becomes imperative that concentrations of BP and other hazardous materials in the environment not only n the Philippines, but elsewhere in the world be adequately examined in order that development of regulations and standards to minimize risk associated with these materials in urban areas is continued. Lead is the most commonly encountered heavy metal pollutant. Lead usually ends up in water and soil through corrosion of lead pipelines. Lead in soil can come from the air or from erosion of lead-bearing rocks, and may be carried indoors as dust.Lead dust can also be generate within the home , especially older homes that used lead-based paints or lead solder (http://www. HCI. Go. Ca/Hal-vs./iii-vs./ environ/lead-aplomb-Eng,pH). Occupations such as construction working, smelting, and radiator repair are some of the occupations which put the worker at greatest risk of lead exposure. Lead is a main-group element with symbol BP Latin: plumb) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to dull grayish color when exposed to air.Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid. Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, lets and shot, weights, and is part of solder, pewter, fusible alloys. And radiation shielding. Lead has the highest atomic number of all of the stable elements, although the next higher element, bismuth, has a half-life that is so long (much longer than the age of the universe) that it can be considered stable. Its four stable isotopes have 82 protons; a magic number in the nuclear shell model of atomic nuclei. Lead is poisonous substance to animals and humans. It damages the nervous system and causes brain disorders. Excessive lead also causes blood disorders in mammals. Like he element mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a potent neurotic that accumulates both in soft tissues and the bones. Lead poisoning has been documented from ancient Rome, ancient Greece, and ancient China. There are studies conducted in the Levels of lead in urban soils from selected cities in a central on the extent of BP contamination of soils in urban cities in central region of Philippines Island.They have conclude that Only one (San Juan in Site 4) of the thirty sampling sites recorded a BP concentration beyond the WHO (World Health Organization) permissible limit of 100 MGM keg (-1). San Juan in Site 4 had a BP incineration of less than 250 MGM keg (-1). On the average, elevated BP concentration Nas evident in the soil samples from San Fernando, Along, Mammals, Baling, and Cabanas. The average soil BP concentrations in these cities exceeded the maximum estimated natural soil BP concentration of 25 MGM keg(-l).Average soil BP concentration in Site 1 (16. 8 MGM keg(-l) was well within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 MGM keg(-l). Data gathered from the study areas showed that elevated levels of BP in soil were due primarily to vehicular emissions and partly to igneous activity. (www. Environ Sic Pollute Rest Into. Com). Another study Nas conducted about the exposure of preschoolers to lead in the Magmata area of Metro Manila, the Philippines. A study was conducted in the Magmata area of Metro Manila, the Philippines.The lead concentration was measured in residential playground soils, food, water, and hair samples by atomic absorption spectrometer and the data were used to draw conclusions. All of the playground soils were contaminated with lead levels ranging from a minimum of 34. 54 micro/g to a maximum of 283. 13 micro/g in comparison to the naturally occurring lead level of 1 5 micro/g in soils. Further, the study conducted a lead analysis on the hair of the duty population to determine the accumulated lead intake. Ingestion of 25 MGM/day of soil contributed to 4% of the total lead intake per day by children exposed to the study sites.Food (83%) was found to be the major source of lead compared to other sources. (Environ Rest. ) 2. 4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer In analytical chemistry, atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample. The technique can be used to analyze the concentration of over seventy different metals in a solution. Although atomic absorption spectroscopy dates to the nineteenth century, the modern form was largely developed during the asses by a team of Australian chemists. Www. Wisped. Com/ CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This study examined the effectiveness and feasibility of Dwarf Santa as a cleaning agent for lead contaminated soil. Measurements of lead in both the soil and plants were made to test the ability of the plant to serve as a phototypesetting agent. 3. 1 Collection and Preparation of Samples A maximum of 12 Dwarf Santa of the same ages were cut into 6 inches respectively. There is 1 required amount of Dwarf Santa were planted in each containers. 3. 2 Application of TreatmentsThis study utilized an experimental design using three levels of lead Twelve cylindrical containers filled with approximately 600 grams of humus soil taken from the same source. Appropriate concentrations of lead nitrate solutions were poured into the different setups. Setup A had the lowest amount of lead, while setup C had the highest amount of lead concentration. Dwarf Santa of the same age Newer planted on different containers. The plants were watered with 40 ml. Of distilled Neater with the same amount every day and allowed to grow for 30 days. After 30 days, the plants were removed from the pot and soil samples were collected. 3 Spectral Analysis of the Sample These specimens were submitted for analysis of lead concentrations using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AS). The different parts of the plants in each setup Newer also examined for lead using the same method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CHAPTER 4 In Table 1, it can be seen that there was a decrease in the concentration of lead after exposure to dwarf Santa for thirty days. This only shows that the plant, indeed, has a phototypesetting effect. It can also be noticed that as the levels of lead increase, the percentage of absorbed lead also increased.